Prof George's group have studied the cardiovascular signalling that drives the underlying pathology using a translational approach with relevant ex vivo human tissue models, bioreactor models, small and large animal models and human pathological samples. The research aims to understand underlying early and late mechanisms involved in vein graft failure with the aim of developing novel therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcome. Studies have revealed target genes involved in the modulation of this pathology and subsequent analyses are underway to determine the potential of retarding vein graft failure by delivery of novel or repurposed pharmacological agents (e.g. Wnt signalling, CK2 activity) or gene therapy (e.g. TIMP-3, PRH, N-cadherin).