There has been much discussion as to whether there is a connection between older mothers or older fathers and children with autism or an autistic spectrum disorder. Some studies find a maternal age effect, others a paternal age effect, and some find both factors operating.
The new research, led by Professor Jean Golding and funded by the Medical Research Council, goes one step further by including the grandparental ages at the time that the parents were born. It is based on information from ALSPAC (Children of the Nineties), a long-term study which has followed the development of thousands of children for nearly 20 years.
Of almost 14,000 children studied, 86 were diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder by age 11. The mothers of these children tended to be older on average. Those aged 30 or more at the birth were about 50% more likely to have a child with an autistic spectrum disorder compared with younger mothers.
There was an even stronger association with the age of the grandmothers at the time that the mothers were born. Grandmothers who had been 30 or more when they gave birth to their daughters were nearly twice as likely to have a grandchild with an autistic spectrum disorder, and those who were over 35 were nearly three times as likely.
Mothers who were older when they gave birth tended to have had older mothers themselves. Once the researchers had taken this into account, there was no additional association with the age of the mother.
Older grandmothers were also strongly associated with a communication trait among the total population, a trait that ALSPAC has previously found to be associated with autistic spectrum disorders.
Jean Golding, Professor Emeritus at the University of Bristol and founder of the ALSPAC study, said: “No other study, to my knowledge, has considered the grandparents’ ages in relation to autism, and other studies are needed to test against these findings.”
Marcus Pembrey, Professor Emeritus of Paediatric Genetics at University College London’s Institute of Child Health and co-author of the paper, said: “If these findings are replicated in other studies, they challenge the way we think about genetic and developmental influences in autistic spectrum disorders. They point to factors operating at the time when the mother was in the womb which may influence her developing ovaries and thus the genomes of her future children.”
The paper, "Parental and Grandparental Ages in the Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Birth Cohort Study" can be downloaded from: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009939.
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Notes
- ALSPAC The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (also known as Children of the 90s) is a unique ongoing research project based in the University of Bristol. It enrolled 14,000 mothers during pregnancy in 1991-2 and has followed the children and parents in minute detail ever since.
- The ALSPAC study could not have been undertaken without the continuing financial support of the Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, and the University of Bristol among many others.