This review provides a more accurate  and more concerning  rate of opioid misuse than has previously been calculated.

Companies like Oxycontin manufacturer Purdue Pharma have claimed that fewer than 1 per cent of opioid prescriptions result in problems for patients.  This new review, funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), makes clear that such claims greatly understate the risk of opioid misuse and addiction. 

The researchers divided the 148 studies into four general categories, depending on how the studies defined problematic opioid use:

1. dependence and opioid use disorder: 43 studies that identified problematic opioid use through diagnostic codes (formal diagnoses using precise definitions);
2. signs and symptoms of dependence and opioid use disorder: 44 studies that looked for behaviours indicating dependence and opioid use disorder, such as craving, tolerance, or withdrawal, without use of specific diagnostic codes; 
3. aberrant behaviour: 76 studies that looked for inappropriate or concerning behaviour, such as seeking early refills, repeated dose escalations, or frequently lost prescriptions; and
4. at risk of dependence and opioid use disorder: eight studies that looked for characteristics that might increase the risk of developing opioid dependence or opioid use disorder in the future; however, the characteristics do not fall within previous categories of aberrant behaviour or dependence and opioid use disorder.

Some studies reported multiple results within the same participants using different measurement criteria, so the sum of the number of studies in each category equals more than 148.  The prevalence (frequency) of problematic opioid use for each category was:

1. Dependence and opioid use disorder: 3 per cent, or nearly 1 in 10 patients.
2. Signs and symptoms of dependence and opioid use disorder: 6 per cent, nearly 1 in 3 patients.
3. Aberrant behaviour: 22 per cent, more than 1 in 5 patients.
4. At risk of dependence and opioid use disorder: 4 per cent, nearly 1 in 8 patients.

Kyla Thomas, Professor of Public Health Medicine at the University of Bristol and the study's lead author, explained: “Clinicians and policy makers need a more accurate estimate of the prevalence of problematic opioid use in pain patients so that they can gauge the true extent of the problem, change prescribing guidance if necessary, and develop and implement effective interventions to manage the problem.  Knowing the size of the problem is a necessary step to managing it.”

The studies in this review were predominantly from North American research and high-income countries. One hundred and six of the 148 studies were conducted between 2010 and 2021; the oldest study was from 1985.  Study size ranged from 15 to 2,304,181 patients. Due to the high heterogeneity of the studies, these findings should be interpreted with caution. 

Paper

'Prevalence of problematic pharmaceutical opioid use in patients with chronic non cancer pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis' by K H Thomas et al. in Addiction