Howell, W.G., (2004)

‘Dynamic selection effects in means-tested, urban school voucher programs.’

Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 23:2, pp. 225-250

1. Who applies for vouchers?

- The applicant population was more likely to be African American when compared to the eligible population, and mothers who applied for vouchers were considerably more likely to have attended college.

2. Who initially takes vouchers?

- Income is positively correlated with the likelihood that families use vouchers - unsurprisingly, given that the vouchers do not cover the full cost of the average private school.

- More religiously observant families are more likely to use vouchers.

3. Who remains in private school?

- Religiously observant families were also more likely to stay in private schools for longer periods of time.

- Students’ academic profiles did not, for the most part, have an appreciable effect on the hazard of leaving.

4. Cumulative selection effects

- Voucher recipients who remained in private schools after 3 years look quite different from the overall population who qualified for a voucher, once all the selection effects discussed above have taken effect.

- Mothers who remained in the voucher program were twice as likely to have been employed as the eligible population, three times as likely to have attended college, and five times more likely to have graduated from college.

- The average income levels of families who applied for, took and continued to use vouchers is 10% higher than the eligible population of New York City residents.

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