It was already known that maternal depression can impact young people’s educational attainment in secondary school, mental health, and socio-emotional development. However, it was not known how maternal depression impacts young people going to university, which can effect a person’s earnings and socioeconomic circumstances over their lifetime.
The study investigated whether maternal depression was related to whether a young person studied at university, how far they moved for university, and the reasons for choosing a particular university.
The research team also explored how the young person’s own mental health, sense of control over events in their life (known as locus of control), and exam results in their teenage years related to their decision to study at university.
The study analysed data collected from 8,952 participants of Bristol’s Children of the 90s study (also known as the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, ALSPAC), a world-leading longitudinal study which has followed pregnant women and their offspring since 1991.
The team used data from questionnaires completed by mothers during pregnancy and when the young person was 1, 5, 8, 11 and 18 years old. Data collected from young people via questionnaires when they were 16, 18 and 26 years old was also used, together with records from exams taken at 14 and 16 years old.
The research team found that for each questionnaire the mother reported experiencing elevated symptoms of depression in the young person’s lifetime, the young person was 12% less likely to have studied at university, even after considering socioeconomic factors. The researchers also found that this effect was explained by differences in the young people’s exam results in secondary school at 16, and to a lesser extent their locus of control at 16, suggesting targets for intervention.
These findings suggest that to reduce long-term inequalities related to maternal depression, interventions could focus on improving educational outcomes in secondary school for young people affected by maternal depression.
Dr Amanda Hughes, Research Fellow in the Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences (PHS) and a lead author, said: “Maternal depression is estimated to impact around one in five mothers with children under 16. Our study found that young people, whose mothers had experienced more symptoms of depression during their lifetime, were less likely to study at university, and that differences in important education outcomes were already seen by the time a young person has reached 16 years old.”
Sally Bowman from the Avon & Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, and a lead author on the paper, added: “For young people who do not go to university, maternal depression may be a reason together with other family priorities. To reduce the long-term impact and increase life chances, interventions should focus on improving young people’s educational outcomes before or during secondary school.”
The research team now plan to investigate how maternal depression might impact educational outcomes during secondary schooling, which their findings indicate is crucial for later educational outcomes.
Follow-on research using data from other surveys could also explore the role of fathers’ as well as mothers’ mental health, parenting behaviours, and changes in household income, which the research team were not able to consider.
The study was supported by the Health Foundation as part of a project entitled “Social and economic consequences of health: Causal inference methods and longitudinal, intergenerational data”, which is part of the Health Foundation's Social and Economic Value of Health program.
Paper
‘Maternal depressive symptoms and young people's higher education participation and choice of university: Evidence from a longitudinal cohort study’ by Sally Bowman, Tim Morris, Matt Dickson, Frances Rice, Laura D. Howe, Amanda M. Hughes in Journal of Affective Disorders [open access]