Muscle is a miracle material, converting energy into work and power with versatility and performance far beyond what is possible in existing robotic actuators. We are addressing this performance gap by designing new muscle-like soft actuators based on electrical, ionic, pneumatic, magnetic and poly-transduction phenomena.

Our artificial muscle technologies mimic the huge scale range of natural muscle, from fundamental chemical reactions at the nanometre scale to whole muscle units at the centimetre scale, with application widely across medical, healthcare, robotic and industrial sectors.