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PARIP 2003 NATIONAL CONFERENCE: 11-14 September PITCHES:
JONATHAN © Jonathan Pitches, 2003, Contemporary Arts, Manchester Metropolitan University, j.d.pitches@mmu.ac.uk ABSTRACT Working from a range of documentary sources, from photographs, to illustrations, prose descriptions and video, to the archiving of practice in the body, this paper/demonstration aims to explore an historical model of PaR drawn from the laboratory work of the Russian director and practitioner Vsevolod Meyerhold (1874-1940) . Meyerhold's own model of research and its triangular relationship to performance and training is in itself a starting point for investigating what laboratory work in the theatre workshop might be — a Soviet model of PaR haling from the 1920s. But this paper will also be engaged in evaluating the issues surrounding the dissemination of this research. Thus, it will necessarily, be concerned with questions of transmission and/or translation — across cultures, across media and across time. Such
a focus raises some key generic problems: Whilst these are clearly familiar and general problems to do with documenting PaR, the paper intends to offer a practical example as a locus for some of these issues. Focusing specifically on the étude work of Meyerhold, the demonstration will illustrate the range of different outcomes elicited from the historical documentation and contrast these with a physical model of transmission, based on a training model passed down from practitioner to practitioner. Jonathan Pitches teaches at MMU and has just published (August 2003) a monograph on Meyerhold in the Routledge Performance Practitioner's series. His next book, also with Routledge is entitled Science and the Russian Tradition of Acting in the Advances in Theatre and Performance Studies series. PRESENTATION Conference themes addressed: 4: What makes an instance of practice count as research? 6: What might the role of documentation be across media? Subject areas: Drama, Theatre, Actor Training, DocumentationIntroduction Key aims for this paper PP: 1) To place the PaR debate in a historical context — specifically with reference to the ‘laboratory’ work of the Russian tradition of acting. 2) To contrast three forms of documentation — prose-based, photographic, and performative, or what I have called the ‘living link’. The Theatre Laboratory History Claims for laboratory status in the theatre really began in the early decades of the twentieth century. Before that, there were clearly pockets of actor training in the West which were both investigative and systematic — Ian Watson traces the genesis of actor training back to the early 1700s in Britain and in France to 1786, with the birth of the Royal Dramatic school in Paris (Watson 2001: 4). But it was the late nineteenth century’s love affair with science and technology which spawned a new scientific rhetoric in the theatre, a development begun by Delsarte’s proto-behaviourist study of actors’ emotions. Delsarte’s work may have been criticised for its mechanistic approach but it heralded a new interdisciplinary language for actor training, a language which drew on the common associations of the scientific method: rigour, objectivity, systematic interrogation. The laboratory in Russia This language was never more embedded than in the Russian tradition of actor training; in Stanislavsky’s system (and in the ‘sub-systems’ of Meyerhold, Michael Chekhov and Richard Boleslavsky). From his first experimental Studio in 1905, to his final project, the Opera-Dramatic Studio, Stanislavsky’s preference was to develop a research culture outside of his main institution, the MAT. These satellite activities allowed Stanislavski a creative space to work with young actors and were designed to share what he called "the results of ... research into stage techniques" (in Benedetti, 1990a, p.207). Increasingly, the research agenda was uppermost in his thoughts, and that agenda was couched in scientific terms. As Benedetti notes of the Opera Dramatic Studio: PP It was to be the laboratory [Stanislavski] called for in his essay, October and the Revolution ... He made it quite clear to the young actors and directors he gathered around him that there could be no question of gearing their work to performance; it would be done for its own sake, as research. (Benedetti 1990 338) In Meyerhold's work, the appropriation of scientific terminology was both explicit and calculated. Indeed, of all Stanislavski’s pupils, his is the most emphatic use of an interdisciplinary language, fusing theatrical 'laws' with scientific laws — Huntley Carter called biomechanics "the science of motion in acting" (1929: 49). Meyerhold was founder of GITIS, the State Institute for Theatrical Art, an umbrella organisation which was responsible for the training of some of the key practitioners of the twentieth century, including Grotowski. From Meyerhold's perspective, GITIS grew out of his attempts to realise an "exemplary model" of revolutionary theatre. Meyerhold's vision was of a mutually supportive, interactive organisation incorporating a stage, a workshop and a training school in which: "the discoveries in the workshop would affect the training in the school as well as what was exposed on the stage" (Leach 1994: 104) in a three-fold symbiosis. Erast Garin's description of the school, known as the State Higher Director's workshop (GVYRM), is reminiscent of the atmosphere at the Opera-Dramatic Studio: PP Everyone learned — students and teachers alike. It was a laboratory for working through the foundations of a new aesthetic. (ibid: 105) By the time Meyerhold's own aspirations were merged with those of Nikolai Foregger, the rhetoric of the revolution had intensified, although the theme remained constant. GITIS was to be: A place unique in the planet, where the science of theatre is studied and drama is built. Exactly: 'science' and not 'art' — 'built' and not 'created.' (Leach 1989: 22) Clearly for Meyerhold, the laboratory walls extended much further than the building in which he was working — the Zon theatre — for the experimental attitude he was adopting at a local level was reflected on a much grander scale — the huge social experiment of the October revolution itself. Central to this commitment to science was the emphasis on outcomes — the impact science had on the people. Such an emphasis may in part explain the popularity of the machine as a ‘symbol of the new age of mechanical and scientific industrialism’, as Carter puts it (1929: 69). The machine stood for productivity, for the benefits technology can bring a new society. Thus, the work of the laboratory was not seen in isolation. The laboratories of the Russian revolution fed the technological advancement of the society, the electrification of the country, for example. From a theatrical perspective, Meyerhold's work at GITIS established the same principle. The experimental findings in his workshop informed the presentations on the stage — the 'product' of a theatre industry. PP The Threefold Model Meyerhold’s ‘exemplary model’, devised in the early 1920s, alongside the invention of ‘biomechanics’, may be instructive when we consider Theme 4 of this conference — what makes an instance of practice research? Firstly, it is to be contrasted with Stanislavsky’s secluded investigations in the Opera Dramatic studio which set the stage for later instances of process-dominated practice such as Grotowski’s and Anatoly Vasiliev’s. With such work, there is no imperative to disseminate the research findings beyond the walls of the laboratory, no measurable outcome. Interestingly, for Benedetti, this kind of activity is research and to be distinguished from the business of performance. Secondly, Meyerhold’s model sees research as part of a wider picture. His laboratory shared with some of us that old fashioned notion that teaching is an integral part of research. It then extended that idea to incorporate research and teaching into the making of an original creative act — a performance. Thirdly, is the related issue of outcomes. It is interesting to note that some ninety years ago in the new Soviet Union the research agenda was still pre-occupied with outcomes! The context is clearly a mechanistic one, related, as I have said, to the necessity to produce. But for Meyerhold it nevertheless promoted a dynamic symbiosis of original workshop research, pedagogy and performance. The engine room of this triangular research model was the experimental workshop, described by Maria Valenti in recognisably research-oriented terms: PP The students were not required to present preconceived conclusions, but were expected to find new paths, along with Meyerhold and his colleagues, to create new concepts of theatre. (Leach 2003: 139) But is this, the experimental workshop, the only point of the triangular model which we would now describe as PaR? If we are valuing the production of significant and original findings then both the workshop and the theatre are clearly foregrounded as areas of research. But it is hard to see the teacher leading the sessions in the training school as disengaged from practice as research, particularly if, as is implicit in this model, the training is evolving to meet the demands of the other two areas. Similarly, it is difficult to imagine Meyerhold’s key productions as anything but (outstanding) professional practice were it not for the innovative and developmental training regime which these productions drew on and which were in turn fed by the experimental workshop. What I believe is striking about this model is that, as a self-sustaining form, all areas of this symbiotic triangle feed into Meyerhold’s agenda of innovation, not because they are in themselves research but because the environment in which the activity is taking place, the wider picture, is essentially research-centred. And by that I mean: PP · it stimulates originality and creativity · it is underpinned by a set of theoretical principles · it is designed to test the validity of those theoretical principles and to feed those findings back into the loop · it utilises an organic system of dissemination. In this holistic framework it is not necessarily the ‘instance of practice’ which is under scrutiny but the surrounding research environment. Research, like nature, abhors a vacuum. But how is one made aware of the research context of any moment of practice? One position is that the methodological and theoretical background to the work can be evident in the work itself, that one corner of Meyerhold’s triangle can sustain itself. To place such an argument in the current context, let’s take a still from one of Meyerhold’s productions of the period. You can have the title of the production, if you didn’t know it, The Magnanimous Cuckold, but nothing else. PP The logical extension of this position is that the detailed research which underpinned this production (a product of Meyerhold’s triangular model) should be evident in the course of the production. It should partly be evident in this frozen image. I’d like to return to this production, and ask you to review it, once I have spent some time detailing the research environment in question, focusing specifically on biomechanics and on the complexities of documentation. Documentary Complexity The first area of complexity before we even begin looking at the practice itself is the term ‘document’: The Collins English Dictionary lists 6 definitions: PP 1) noun: a piece of paper, booklet, etc. providing information esp. of an official or legal nature 2) noun: archaic, evidence, proof 3) verb: to record or report in detail, as in: ‘the trial was well documented by the media’ 4) verb: to support (statements in a book) with citations, references, etc. 5) verb: to support (a claim etc.) with evidence or proof 6) verb: to furnish (a vessel) with official documents specifying its ownership, registration, weight dimensions and function. Wrapped up in this set of definitions are some of the many assumptions we bring to the process of documentation. The list is far from complete. It doesn’t, for example, include the practice of creative documentation and perhaps unsurprisingly is biased towards written documentation. But the PaR debate is at the very least informed by these different meanings. Our A4 sheets in the 2001 RAE were in some ways ‘proof’ that the activity happened; the logbooks and practice journals we ask students to keep are important means for ‘recording’ ephemeral practice; and of course our own acts of ‘citation’ (a documentation skill which seems increasingly difficult for students to learn) are an important mechanism for integrating the contributions of others to the research field. Clearly the general assumption behind all of these statements is that the document, or the act of documentation, somehow ties down the thing it is describing, provides an element of definitive closure or fixity to combat the slippery nature of the phenomenon itself. And we all know that this is simply not the case…. One counter to this is to place related documents alongside each other, to allow them to ‘argue amongst themselves’ but this can lead to a proliferation of materials and a concomitant loss of clarity. With this caveat in mind I would like to compare three modes of documentation, retaining a level of clarity by focusing on the very precise forms of biomechanics, indeed on one particular biomechanical etude, in order to explore Theme 6 of this conference: What might be the role of documentation across media? Biomechanics and documentation One of the key findings from Meyerhold’s experimental workshop and the fulcrum of the training school’s programme was biomechanics – a set of physical exercises largely devised before the Revolution and given a particular scientific and industrial spin in the new Soviet era. These exercises, or etudes, were documented in a number of ways and formed part of an organised project of actor training. The etude training fed into Meyerhold’s production work, not as citation — they were not devised to be quoted on stage — but indirectly, in terms of rhythm, shape, and structure. What are they key documents? 1) Throwing the Stone in prose: Van Gyseghem Mel Gordon 2) Throwing the Stone in pictures: Gordon and Law 3) Throwing the Stone on Video: 1920s footage, Bogdanov, Rauke Levinski, Pitches 4) Throwing the Stone ‘live’: Pitches Prose Van Gyseghem From a study of Russian actor training from 1933-5, Van Gyseghem produced the first document in writing of the etude Throwing the Stone. PP He breaks the etude down into 20 separate actions and prefaces his commentary with the observation that the actor must be trained in three states or conditions, what he calls: ‘preparation’, ‘action itself’ and ‘reaction’ (Van Gyseghem 1943: 28) The titles of these actions are as follows: 1. To concentrate the attention of the pupil [Double handclap] 2. Preparing to run [Jump] 3. Preparing to run [knees bent, right hand in front, left behind] 4. Running 5. To arrive where the stone lies 6. Return to normal position 7. Prepare to get the stone 8. Lifting the stone 9. Preparing to run with the stone 10. Running with the stone 11. Arriving at a place from which to throw 12. Preparing to run with the stone 13. Swinging the stone 14. Looking for the object to be hit 15. Rejudging the distance 16. Preparing to throw 17. Throwing 18. What is the result? 19. The mark is hit 20. Finish (Adapted Van Gyseghem 1943: 29-30) The description is effective in conveying the overall structure of the etude, the elongated nature of the narrative and the balance of movement and gesture. But it is difficult to see how the three states of biomechanics relates to the exercise and impossible to gauge specifics of gesture, movement, details of weight transfer or of rhythm. Gordon Mel Gordon claims to have ‘taken’ this description for his seminal article on Biomechanics in TDR in the 1970s, reprinted in Zarrilli’s Acting Reconsidered (1995). But although this implies a verbatim reprinting of Van Gyseghem, there are some marked differences between the two documents on Throwing the Stone. Gordon has just 19 actions, the first four of which illustrate the point: 1. Actor executes a dactyl 2. Leaps, turns to the right, ands land with his left foot forward. His knees are bent with his right hand in front, the left behind 3. The actor runs 4. He jumps again, landing on his left foot with his left shoulder forward 5. He straightens his body. Both arms hang loose and are perfectly symmetrical to one another 6. He rises on his toes, then drops to his right knee. His body is swayed backward and forward 7. Picking up an imaginary stone in his right hand, the actor rises, swings his right arm around in a wide arc to the left, across to the front and back… 8. He steps backwards… 9. The actor begins to run 10. He stops with a slight jump, landing with left foot in front … 11. The left hand grips the wrist… 12. The actor releases his left hand, permitting the right arm to form a wide complete circle 13. Arresting the circular movement, the right arm is held out in front… 14. He runs a few steps forward and jumps 15. Preparing to throw, he swings his right arm and leg back 16. He throws the imaginary stone 17. Kneeling on his right knee, the actor claps his hands, then cups his right ear as if listening to the result 18. (The imaginary mark is hit) He points with his left arm and leans back with the right arm on the right hip 19. Rising, he executes a dactyl (Adapted from Zarrilli 1995: 96). Gordon has removed the narrative thread of the etude in favour of a more detailed description of the actions themselves. He has also conflated the second two actions of Gyseghem’s document into one. The tripartite structure of biomechanics is now Intention, Realization and Refusal. And there is new terminology used — Dactyl as opposed to finish. These differences illustrate the problems faced by the documenter, even when s/he is simply reprinting a primary source. What aspects of the work is one prioritising? How much does one take account of new developments in the field, the emergence of new terminology, for example. What adaptations are necessary to help recreate a physical experience in prose? I have taken this example to prove how slippery words can be even when the aim is simply to reproduce a previous document without any express need for interpretation or embellishment. In terms of relative complexity this is as straight forward as it gets! How much more complex is the comparison of two independent descriptions of the same phenomenon? Or of two independent descriptions of the same etude performed at different times? Or of two independent descriptions of the same etude by different actors? Or of two….. And this is just to begin the spiral of exponential complication. Photographic Documentation At the time of both publications there were no contemporary photographs of the etude and certainly no one from the tradition practising biomechanics. Since the mid-late eighties this situation has changed and there are now both stills photographs of the etudes, a fragment of moving footage from the 1930s and at least four training videos made in the last decade. These have promised to clarify the questions raised by the first prose descriptions. The stills photo-record of Throwing the Stone (Law and Gordon 1996: 108-9) shows an actor wearing industrial overalls performing eight actions of the etude. The photos are invaluable in their depiction of the outer forms of the etude. We can begin to see the shapes of the individual actions and gain a sense of where the actor is placing his weight. In broad terms the narrative is also helpfully visualised. But the etude has been reduced to eight actions from Van Gyseghem’s twenty, the transitions between the actions remain a mystery and the all-important tri-partite rhythm is in no way explicated in this document. Indeed, as these photo-records first reached the West, reconstructions of the etudes were fraught with problems, particularly, and unsurprisingly, to do with the dynamics of the work. PP Watching the… [Living Theatre’s] demonstrations with a large and curious audience, I felt something between horror and amusement: Almost everything I had written was misunderstood. While the poses the actors had copied from the photographs in my article were correct, all the transitions and body rhythms were wrong. (Gordon 1984: 13) Video The obvious answer to these problems is to show the transitions in the documentation — to have a moving image. Remarkably, there is a film of the etude, from the period of its devising, which shows how the actions were connected. It seems to be closely allied to the list of actions recorded by Van Gyseghem, and, although it is a different performer, can clearly be related to the set of 8 photos we have looked at. VIDEO Placing this form of documentation alongside the prose-based and photographic sources in some sense allows us to piece together in archaeological terms the evidence of how Meyerhold’s training system first worked. For Eugenio Barba: This document conveys to us…Meyerhold’s thought-in-action. It is as if one could see it, alive, face to face. Meyerhold maintained that the actor had to know how ‘to live in the precision of a design’. The document allows us to verify it with our own eyes. (2003: 113) For me, it simply begs more questions: Historical: how did this version of Throwing the Stone evolve into the more codified and staccato etude brought to us by Gennadi Bogdanov and Alexei Levinski — the two current Masters of biomechanics who were trained by Meyerhold’s collaborator, Nikolai Kustov, in the 1970s. [From Jonathan Dovey] How faked is the original And performative: how does the work ‘feel’ as a performer, how does it operate as a psycho-physical training, where are the tensions created in the body and how does this particular training influence one’s understanding of acting? The Living Link A close examination of the available video records of Throwing the Stone (Rauke, Bogdanov, Levinski) may help with the first question. VIDEO EXTRACTS, GIVEN TIME. But the second set of performative questions demands a further level of documentation: a record of what Barba calls 'the ethos that the master engraves in the body-mind of his actors' (2003: 114), ‘the living link’ of this paper. This record can only be stored in the psycho-physical apparatus of the trainee. PP The process of ‘vertical transmission’, the passing on of specific etudes from generation to generation in the studio captures another set of data, which illuminates further the work of Meyerhold. Ralf Rauke Meyerhold ———— Kustov ———— Bogdanov/Levinski —————| Trainees Having experienced a biomechanical training with both Levinski and Bogdanov, I’d like to evaluate in crude terms the extent to which this is true. First, by asking you to watch the etude, now in a live context, and then by asking you to extend this living link by participating in three actions of Throwing the Stone. Demonstration Practice You will have your own responses to the work, of course but it is likely that you will have gained a more physical understanding of the innate tensions in the etude, you will have begun to physicalise the tripartite rhythm, first documented by Van Gyseghem, you will have felt the precarious balance of the etude, and have a sense of the action/reaction structure of the work. But you will have probably lost the sense of form, and along with it the narrative overview Van Gyseghem’s description offers us. Conclusion Now let us return to the image of the Magnanimous Cuckold and review it. Keep responses for the question time. I think there are two tentative conclusions I can draw from this paper: Firstly, that a focus on the field of research, an holistic assessment of the overall environment in which the work is located might yield a better understanding of the instance of practice as research itself. And secondly that if we are to continue the processes of discovery and provide a foundation for future research projects into our own work, there is an imperative to document, not as an adjunct but as an integral and dynamic part of the research process. References BOOKS Barba, Eugenio (2003) Grandfathers, Orphans, and the Family Saga of the European Theatre, in, NTQ Vol. XIX, part 2, pp.108-117 Benedetti, Jean (1990): Stanislavski: A Biography, London: Methuen. Gordon, Mel (1995): "Meyerhold's Biomechanics", in Philip Zarrilli, ed. Acting (Re)Considered, London: Routledge. Alma Law (1996): Meyerhold, Eisenstein and Biomechanics, London: McFarland. Leach, Robert (1989): Vsevolod Meyerhold, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. (1994): Revolutionary Theatre, London: Routledge. (2003): Stanislavsky and Meyerhold, Bern: Peter Lang. Zarrilli, Phillip, ed. (1995): Acting (Re)Considered, London: Routledge.
FILMS AND VIDEOS Bogdanov, Gennadi (1997): Meyerhold's Theater and Biomechanics, Berlin: Mime Centrum Video). (1998): Meyerhold's Biomechanics and Rhythm (6 Volumes), Exeter: Arts Documentation Unit (Video). Raüke, Ralf (1995/6): Meyerhold's Throwing the Stone, Exeter: Arts Documentation Unit (Video). Levinski, Alexei (1995): Meyerhold's Biomechanics: a Workshop, Exeter: Arts Documentation Unit (Video).
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