The study, published in Nature Communications, explored the unexplained protective effect of higher body size in childhood on breast cancer risk using Mendelian randomization, to examine the connections between body size in childhood and adulthood, puberty onset timing, breast tissue density, and breast cancer risk.
The research team looked in more detail at one of the most plausible connections - breast tissue density. Higher breast density, measured with a mammogram, is an established risk factor for breast cancer, and is known to be affected by body size. When a mammogram shows dense breast tissue, it means there's a higher proportion of glandular or fibrous tissue compared to fatty tissue. Conversely, when breast tissue is less dense, there's more fatty tissue relative to glandular or fibrous tissue.
There is growing evidence that adiposity in childhood can lead to various adult diseases. However, in the case of breast cancer risk, observational epidemiological studies, and more recently studies that used genetic data, have shown that higher body size in childhood decreases the risk of developing this disease.
The research team suggest that a higher body size in childhood, around the start of puberty, leads to less dense tissue forming in the breast. The dense area is the part of the breast (glandular and fibrous tissue) where cancer normally develops.
Having less dense area in the breast subsequently leads to a reduced breast cancer risk in adulthood. This is the proposed mechanism by which higher childhood body size decreases breast cancer risk. However, the biological mechanism/pathway is more complex than this, and identifying smaller steps in this process using genetic data is a part of uncovering the basis of this unexplained causal relationship.
Dr Marina Vabistsevits from the University of Bristol’s MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU) and Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences (PHS), and corresponding authors, said: “Studying the mechanism of childhood adiposity protective effect is important, as weight gain in childhood cannot be considered to be a preventative measure for breast cancer.
Marina Vabistsevits is part of the Bristol Cancer Research Network supported by Elizabeth Blackwell Institute. Cancer research at Bristol is a vibrant cross-disciplinary community which focuses on core strengths in cancer cell biology, genetic and lifecourse epidemiology and health services research.
Dr Vabistsevits explained: “Investigating how this overall ‘protection’ works is crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms leading to and preventing cancer, as it might help identify new targets for intervention and prevention.”
The study was possible thanks to a collaboration with Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Kaiser Permanente Northern California, US, who shared invaluable mammographic density data for this project. The research was also supported by a Cancer Research UK (CRUK) programme grant.
Paper
‘Mammographic density mediates the protective effect of early-life body size on breast cancer risk’ by Marina Vabistsevits, George Davey Smith, Tom G. Richardson, Rebecca C. Richmond, Bethan Lloyd-Lewis, Eleanor Sanderson et al. in Nature Communications [open access]